کیسے مُجرے کے ساتھ ساتھ سب کُچھ دکھا رہی ہے۔

Patients[edit] Any person may seek out genetic counseling for a condition they may have inherited from their biological parents. A woman, if pregnant, may be referred for genetic counseling if a risk is discovered through prenatal testing (screening or diagnosis). Some clients are notified of having a higher individual risk for chromosomal abnormalities or birth defects. Testing enables women and couples to make a decision as to whether or not to continue with their pregnancy, and helps provide information that can be used to prepare for the birth of a child with medical issues. A person may also undergo genetic counseling after the birth of a child with a genetic condition. In these instances, the genetic counselor explains the condition to the patient along with recurrence risks in future children. In all cases of a positive family history for a condition, the genetic counselor can evaluate risks, recurrence and explain the condition itself. Counseling session structure[edit] The goals of genetic counseling are to increase understanding of genetic diseases, discuss disease management options, and explain the risks and benefits of testing.[3] Counseling sessions focus on giving vital, unbiased information and non-directive assistance in the patient's decision-making process. Seymour Kessler, in 1979, first categorized sessions in five phases: an intake phase, an initial contact phase, the encounter phase, the summary phase, and a follow-up phase.[4] The intake and follow-up phases occur outside of the actual counseling session. The initial contact phase is when the counselor and families meet and build rapport. The encounter phase includes dialogue between the counselor and the client about the nature of screening and diagnostic tests. The summary phase provides all the options and decisions available for the next step. If counselees wish to go ahead with testing, an appointment is organized and the genetic counselor acts as the person to communicate the results. Reasons for testing[edit] Families or individuals may choose to attend counseling or undergo prenatal testing for a number of reasons.[5] Family history of a genetic condition or chromosome abnormality Molecular test for single gene disorder Increased maternal age (35 years and older) Increased paternal age (40 years and older) Abnormal maternal serum screening results or ultrasound findings Increased nuchal translucency measurements on ultrasound Strong family history of cancer Predictive testing for adult-onset conditions

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